REGGAE-UP-THE-PEOPLE
‘ONE LOVE’ CAMPAIGN
YARD
ON-LINE
A Reggae
Project For Reggae People
The Reggae industry has been
devastated and we, the Reggae community, have reached an impasse in our ‘One
Love’ musical culture. Although we, as
a community, are far stronger, the music that has formed the basis of our
culture lies dormant. Without the
music, our culture will become extinct.
Only with the help of each and every fan can this tragedy be averted.
Together, we must revive the
original Reggae industry and build on the successes of the Trojan era, when every
Reggae artist was represented and the needs of our community were met. We must reclaim our rights to the music and
continue down our cultural path.
Regalia Entertainment’s
mission:
~ revive the Reggae
industry, launch the new generation of artists and promote Sound System ‘Hit
Record’ Dancehall Entertainment
~ establish an entertainment
company dedicated to Reggae culture with One-Stop-Reggae-Shop Entertainment
Centers across the globe
~ implement a Step-Up
Commission - an on-line charity that supports ghetto workfare projects.
The task of restoring the
Reggae industry is daunting and impossible for any individual company. But it is possible and feasible if we act as
a cooperative community. We at Regalia
Entertainment understand the problem.
We need you, the Reggae community, to empower us into action.
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Regalia Entertainment
Regalia Entertainment is a
team of prominent Reggae industry executives who bring the necessary leadership
and expertise to unite the Reggae Industry Membership and put the music back in
the spotlight as a commercially viable commodity. We at Regalia Entertainment will bring together the major talents
of Reggae and the international elite to produce a two-feature film Reggae
Extravaganza. This spectacular and
comprehensive presentation of the Reggae ‘One Love’ art form will be the
catalyst for the industry’s rebirth, and the launch pad for a new generation of
recording artists.
Regalia Entertainment
intends to rebuild the industry through a cooperative venture, the Reggae
Community ‘One Love’ Trust Fund.
Regalia plans to hold a Reggae industry conference to re-establish
professional guidelines. With
independent financing, technical support and reinstated industry personnel,
Regalia will be able to respond to the popular demand for Reggae, freeing it
from its isolation.
We are a community of 6
million with fans in the hundreds of millions, a market yet to be tapped. We, the Reggae people, have the world beat
and the fashions that everyone is demanding.
Reggae offers Jamaica an annual US$2-3 billion industry, a major tourism
attraction and a priceless gift to humanity.
Regalia’s mission is to revive Reggae but we must have the community’s
support.
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Reggae-Up-The-People
Yard On-Line and Up-On The
Runnings are the Reggae-Up-The-People Campaign themes - it calls for the
rebirth of the Reggae industry and a return of human rights to its members.
The international fans are
the front-line standing between Reggae’s extinction and its progression. They are building the bridge that will
provide the industry an independent platform for its recovery. They will protect the interests of the
people, ensure an authentic cultural product that is produced and manufactured
in Jamaica, and create a tax base that restores the economy of Kingston
ghettoes.
Reggae-Up-The-People
Campaign is the ‘Movement Of Reggae Culture’.
The fan would be partaking in the true spirit of Reggae ‘One Love’
culture, passing on to the world its values of hope, respect and equality. The fan would look forward to being a part
of the new Reggae phenomenon, and to sharing in its commercial successes as the
most popular cultural art form of our time.
Regalia Entertainment is
appealing to the Reggae community fan, to the corporate world, production
professionals and the entrepreneur, to the community leaders in Kingston, to
the politicians of Jamaica, to the good people of the world - to help rebuild
the industry and be the ‘keeper of the watch’ - to turn their passion for
Reggae into an exciting and lucrative investment.
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– REGGAE NEEDS
YOU !!!
–
YOUR PARTICIPATION IS CRUCIAL
SAVING THE
PAST IS OUR FUTURE
- Reggae is Sound System ‘Hit Record’ Dancehall
Entertainment -
The function of the industry is to manufacture the quota
of recordings for sound system performances.
Reggae entertainment is
musical innovators in competition to produce Hit Records. The soundmen produce exclusive music for
their sound systems, which is voted on by the people at the Kingston
dancehall. Sought after by the
international soundman, Hit Records create rivalry in obtaining exclusivity for
their sound system. The most popular
soundman is the one with the most powerful sound system and the best selection
of Hit Records.
During the development of
Ska, Rocksteady and Reggae certain terms were established. These terms are the foundation of Reggae
culture. Today these words are mouthed,
without understanding or conviction.
Until they are reclaimed for our musical culture, the essence of Reggae
will remain dormant.
The One Drop - emphasis placed on the first beat of the bar to
give dancers a unified beat
One Love - the vibe created at the dancehall and carried by
the community as its cultural emblem
The Runnings - the survival of the ghetto people.
A cultural Reggae phrase is:
“It’s a little sound for you and me.”
As did its predecessors, Ska
and Rocksteady, Reggae matures at the sound system:
~ the soundmen visualize the
innovation
~ the sound crews dance out
the arrangement
~ the musicians devise its
rhythmical chord structure
~ the artists strengthen
their wailing harmonies and lyrics
They capture the: “Natural Mystic
Blowing Through The Air”.
Reggae’s uniqueness is its
rare bond with all of humanity, manifested and interpreted through the
body. It is transmitted through the
rhythm of the music at a sound system performance. It is the skill of the soundman in tuning the amplifier and
selecting Hit Records that deliver the rhythm’s One Drop dance beat, generating
the ‘Reggae Pulse’.
It is this ‘Pulse’ that is
the passion of Reggae and the
blueprint upon which the
music’s future,
evolution and success depends.
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The Trojan Era
All Hit Records were
developed at four main musical stables in Kingston. Each stable was a self-productive unit - a collaboration of
talents with a preference for a specific style. Production was fueled by the quota of recordings required for a
sound system performance, which in turn provided the foundation for the Reggae
industry.
To meet the public demand
for Hit Records, the soundmen established a recording industry with a record
chart and live entertainment outlets.
At its peak, the industry supplied the sound system with a minimum of 50
potential Hit Records monthly, released a minimum of 80 albums annually, and
supported over 40 prominent recording acts.
The international Reggae
entertainment network consisted of a sound system circuit, record distributors
and concert promoters, and the numerous record shops operated and supported by
Reggae’s 1,000,000 community members.
Instantly played on the international sound system, a Hit Record
resulted in an album release and a concert tour for the artist - the momentum
propelled the music into the commercial marketplace where Trojan Records
created recording stars.
During the early seventies,
75% of all Reggae records released internationally were issued on the Trojan
label. The company had an unrivaled
impact in the UK, when it gained 22 entries in the music charts, setting an
enviable record for an independent record company. Trojan developed over 25 labels to showcase the talents of the
individual producers, and gave them a direct outlet to the world
marketplace. A Hit Record album would
expect 1,000,000 in sales worldwide.
In 1976, the major record
companies forced Trojan into bankruptcy.
The industry fell into disarray as assets were seized, royalty payments
withheld and artists were prevented from working. As Reggae returned to the Kingston ghettoes, turmoil in Jamaica
saw the industry come under further attack.
The in-house fighting, the level of piracy and the violence made all
production inviable, and Reggae’s industry production base closed.
After the collapse of
Trojan, and the subsequent crash of the industry, production of the classics
dried up. Under attack from both the
commercial industry and international political establishment, Reggae’s innovators
were suppressed and unable to reproduce or capitalize on their success. Receiving neither revenue nor recognition
for the music’s success, the industry became a shadow of its former self. Only Bob Marley & The Wailers, who had
the protection of an international corporate giant which ultimately destroyed
them, survived for a little longer.
“1985”
Kingston, once known as
‘The Dancing City’
became known as Kingston
‘The Dull City’.
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Reggae 2000
Despite the unprecedented
demand for Reggae, the music has remained dormant for the last 15 - 20
years. Today, Reggae is trapped in a
hostile environment, its key personnel have been dispersed around the world and
a new generation of Reggae talent has been abandoned. The industry mainly serves the new DanceHall artists, whose fans
represent a small minority of the community.
Although this style is based on the Reggae One Drop, it rarely carries
the music’s harmonic structure, tonality or its ‘One Love’ message, and is of
little relevance to the cultured Reggae fan.
Certain DanceHall lyrics do, however, reflect the majority of Kingston’s
inhabitants as the music continues to serve the ‘voice of the ghetto’.
The introduction of
electronic instrumentation, the lack of an industry structure, piracy,
infighting, a hostile environment and suppression have made it impossible for
Reggae Innovators to unite. Established
Reggae artists are recording, but without the musical stables to provide them
with Hit Record rhythms, demand for their recorded product is low. And more than 90% of what is being produced
is pirated. The artists survive mainly
on earnings from the community’s vibrant live concert circuit.
The late Bob Marley is still
one of the top-selling artists in the world, with tens of millions of albums
sold. His popularity has generated a
huge interest in Reggae, creating a resurgence in sales of classics and
allowing the international part of the Reggae industry to survive. Despite the large number of Reggae-styled
albums released, only music played on Kingston’s sound system is successful
within the community market.
Today, Reggae’s true
strength is measured by its ‘One Love’ musical culture - an international
multi-racial community of 6 million dedicated fans whose lifestyle now
represents the backbone of the music’s commercial appeal. Without an industry production base, the
very fabric of Reggae culture is under attack.
Across the world, the infrastructure of the community’s network is crumbling. Reggae clubs and radio stations are
closing. Promoters are harassed,
concerts robbed and artists’ visas denied.
In Jamaica, the sound system is systematically outlawed, leaving the
artists unable to express their cultural being and the people without their
entertainment.
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Sound System Hit Records
The new Reggae industry must
address community members both in Kingston and around the world - the
Innovators and bearers of Reggae ‘One Love’ culture. Reggae is only a commercial product when marketed authentically
in its cultural setting. The Reggae
community is not to be mistaken with the Jamaican community. The Reggae industry is not to be confused
with the Jamaican music industry.
Reggae is a culture unto itself and its followers - people with their
own perception of how things should be run.
The Reggae community is the
market, and its membership is the demand.
Their demand is for an innovative music, a progression from Ska,
Rocksteady and Reggae that carries their ‘One Love’ cultural message. Their demand is for a return to Sound System
Dancehall Entertainment where Kingston determines the Hit Record and
manufactures the product - where the profits are returned to the people.
It has taken 50 years for
Reggae to arrive at this position and its future has just begun. The music has been evolving since its
inception, defining the One Drop.
Within the sound system is Reggae’s progression - a musical innovation
ready to be developed and to become the world’s biggest musical style with a
new generation of highly talented and imaginative artists.
It will take one innovative
Hit Record that drives the essence of Sound System Dancehall Entertainment to
revive the Industry. A music that the
community raves about and that makes them want to hear it reproduced on the
sound system. Other soundmen will
instantly copy the style, and so produce the quota for sound system
performances. This is the essence of
the music’s evolution, and will lead to unequalled success and a marketing
phenomenon in a commercial world.
From the promotion of a Hit
Record, today’s album sales to the sound system fan are estimated to be in
excess of one million - guaranteed.
Sales to the community fan are estimated to be in excess of five
million. Billboard acknowledged the
late Bob Marley as the most influential artist of the century with major
commercial market sales.
Hit Record = an album = one
million guaranteed local
market sales = a potential
domestic market of five million
= a possible commercial
market in the tens of millions
= an international
recording artist
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– REGGAE NEEDS
YOU !!!
–
YOUR PARTICIPATION IS CRUCIAL
A REGGAE
EXTRAVAGANZA
Sound system Hit Records provide
guaranteed
investment units to build an
international
Reggae entertainment
organization.
The potential to capitalize
on Reggae’s future through professional recordings, film and cultural products
is unprecedented. This is Regalia
Entertainment. The vacuum in Reggae and
the unquenched demand have created a unique opportunity to use this void in the
market and launch a Reggae Extravaganza that will serve to unify and revive the
industry.
Regalia will refurbish
Reggae’s musical stables so the industry can produce the 50 ‘single’ records
required monthly to repertoire Sound System ‘Hit Record’ Dancehall
Entertainment.
Regalia will produce Hit
Records for its sound system, People’s International. It will establish the Regalia label to market albums and promote
recording acts.
Regalia will provide the
production and distribution network for other Hit Record producers and their
artists.
Regalia will encourage the
new generation producers to follow its musical direction and support the
essence of Reggae culture.
Regalia Entertainment is a
vision of a multi-media Reggae Extravaganza to establish twenty Hit Record
recording acts and promote them in two feature films to be released
simultaneously. The world will be
introduced to the history of Reggae through a new generation of artists with
innovative music, fashion and dance.
Regalia sees itself becoming the leading Reggae entertainment company
with One-Stop-Reggae-Shop Entertainment Centers across the globe, defining the
Reggae ‘One Love’ art form and meeting the community’s cultural demands.
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Creative Director
Anthony Ashfield is a
life-long member of the Reggae community.
Ashfield has experienced the power of Reggae. He knows, as a soundman, the essence of his profession. Throughout his career Ashfield has devoted
his efforts to advancing Reggae. He
believes that no Reggae artist can pursue a career without the sense of purpose
and the collective spirit of Reggae ‘One Love’ culture.
Raised in London’s West
Kensington, where many of Jamaica’s World War II veterans had taken up
residence, Ashfield grew up with the first Ska music. He was involved in the famous Roaring Twenties club, where he
listened to all of the major artists of the time. By the mid 1960’s, he had his own sound system and was releasing
records. He saw the music take over
London and expand around the world. By
the late 1960’s, Ashfield was in Jamaica’s recording studios, producing
exclusive recordings for his sound system.
In 1974, Ashfield’s recordings were orchestrated and released to the
commercial market. John Holt’s ‘The
Further You Look’ and ‘One Thousand Volts of Holt’ hit the international charts
and were reproduced in concert to rave reviews. Approached by Trojan Records, the leading Reggae company, to be
its in-house producer, Ashfield added to their roster of Reggae
superstars.
It was Trojan’s tremendous
commercial success that concerned the established record companies, which saw a
steep decline in their own sales. In
1976, Trojan was put into bankruptcy by the major record companies. Ashfield pursued work as a session producer
elsewhere in London and in Los Angeles, where he was assigned to produce all
types of musical projects. In 1980, he
returned to Jamaica in an attempt to get back into the Reggae industry, only to
find that the violence in the industry had shut down the production base,
creating serious suffering for his fellow artists and friends. The people’s passion instilled in him the
confidence to conceive of Regalia Entertainment, a creative desire to see
Reggae regain status as a world class commercial idiom, and a commitment to
prioritize the interests of the Reggae people.
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Creative Content – Production
1. Recording Acts
The number of twenty
recording acts has been determined by the scripts of the two feature films in
order to cover all the different styles of Reggae.
Roots Reggae (4 acts)
Traditional Reggae (7 acts)
DanceHall Reggae (5 acts)
Fusion Reggae (4 acts)
The refurbishing of Reggae’s
musical stables and its Hit Record formula will produce a new era of Reggae
superstars. Classic artists, today’s
artists and the new generation of Reggae artists will provide the talent for
both the music and the films. A
worldwide search, from Kingston’s ghettoes to the international Reggae
community, will reveal the vast amount of highly talented artists stifled for
the last twenty years.
2. Feature Film – KT-88 REGGAE
KT-88 REGGAE is a
spectacular musical IMAX feature that, for the first time, tells the Inside
Story of Reggae and portrays its ‘One Love’ musical culture. It recreates the essence of Reggae by
revealing, through a blend of fantasy and reality, the aspirations of its
people and their suffering.
Choreographed dances and exotic fashions, contrasting with hard-core
ghetto life, accentuate the music’s evolution, lifestyle and artistic
richness. Modeled after the famous ‘two
o’clock blues dances’, KT-88 is a ‘Sound System Performance’ - a specialized
motion soundtrack of re-recorded songs drawn from the top repertoire of its
genre revealing the music’s roots and generating the ‘Reggae Pulse’. In chronological order and hosted by ‘dub
poets’, it provides an historical context in which the people portray the
music’s truths and myths - a musical era captured for posterity.
KT-88 REGGAE is based on
fact relived through a fictional storyline.
Hanky Panky Vs. Nitty Gritty - is a sound system clash between two
fiercely opposed Kingston soundmen - a battle for amplification power and
musical supremacy. Each soundman has a
musical stable containing a sound camp.
The story follows their careers and relationships. It reveals the industry in-fighting and The
Runnings as the music becomes a public forum for debate, the economy of the
ghetto and a path out for its people.
Reggae evolves as a highly protected survival tool that ultimately,
after devastating and emotional events, establishes itself as an international
musical force.
KT-88 REGGAE
THE RUNNINGS
(c) 1985
First Edition
(c) 1990
Second Edition
(c) 2000
Third Edition
ANTHONY
ASHFIELD
3. Feature Film – BABYLON SKANKING
BABYLON SKANKING is a
fast-paced, dark-humored musical action film that recreates Reggae’s success in
the international market, demonstrating its impact on society today. It reveals the international community’s
contribution to Reggae ‘One Love’ culture - the cross-fashions, lifestyle and
music arising from their multi-racial milieu.
Filmed in England and Jamaica, it depicts The Reggae Runnings - the
notorious activities of the rude boys who took the Reggae industry hostage and
made the communities a playground for their survival and refuge. Told through three interwoven storylines,
Babylon Skanking concludes in London’s underground where tomorrow’s music and a
new race of universal people are emerging, all stomping on the rhythmic drum
and bass lines of Reggae.
Theme One: Following their turbulent exit from the ghettoes of
Jamaica, a young Reggae Band enters the international Reggae community on their
way to fame. Disbanded at immigration,
the remaining members recruit community artists and reform the Band, their
music fusing with the various cultures of its new members, their relationships
creating strange love triangles. Taken
on by two incompatible Managers, the Band weaves through the confusion and
chaos of the Reggae industry, heading for the popular charts and new traumatic
adventures. Operating The Runnings, the
Managers expand their roster of artists and gain prominence in the Reggae
market. Forced into the more violent
Reggae Runnings, their actions attract the attention of Interpol’s Yardie Squad
and they become trapped in a war of drugs and ghetto survival. After turmoil and tragedy, a newly reformed
Band, producing innovative Fusion Reggae, rescues the Managers and together
they celebrate newfound international success.
Theme Two: Centered around the infamous Reggae Runnings, the
notorious rude boy Bum-Bo-Red goes from being Jamaica’s public enemy No.1 to
international recording star. Escaping
the ghettoes with help from the Band, he appears as their guest Skanker with
the Managers guiding his career. Bo-Red
reveals Reggae’s hard-core culture as he ‘steps with his posse’, flaunts his
fashions and poses as Mr. Representative of Reggae music. The suffering of ghetto life is shown, the
people’s emotions are revealed and gangland discipline is demonstrated as
Bo-Red, under order of his ghetto boss, becomes an assassin for covert CIA
operations, establishes an international drug smuggling network and eliminates
the opposition - Reggae style. As
Interpol’s Yardie Squad arrests the Yardies and curtails their activities,
Bo-Red is secretly moved to Europe where he performs with the successful Band.
Theme Three: Filmed on
London’s Reggae Front-Line, the international Reggae community’s story is told,
their emotions and culture are revealed.
The community entertainment network of shops, clubs and a concert
circuit is shown, as are the multi-racial lifestyles, the numerous children
that cement these relationships, and the family ties with Kingston’s
people. Four classic stars operate The
Runnings in the administration of their recording careers, portraying Reggae as
a lifeline for the ghetto people. They
reveal a dangerous industry built on bartering in stolen goods, ganja and the
pirating of records - an industry of disorganized hustlers and would-be
producers, illegally distributing music, promoting concerts and sound system
dances.
BABYLON SKANKING
THE REGGAE RUNNINGS
(c) 1985
First Edition
(c) 1990
Second Edition
(c) 2000
Third Edition
ANTHONY ASHFIELD
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– REGGAE NEEDS
YOU !!!
–
YOUR PARTICIPATION IS CRUCIAL
MOVEMENT
OF REGGAE CULTURE
Lobby To
Reinstate The Reggae Innovator
The One Drop unites the
Reggae community – bringing its members together onto the same emotional plane
and creating rules that are the basis of their ‘One Love’ culture. Reggae’s Hit Record formula is established. It is what created the Reggae community, and
is the community’s future. Only by
returning to the original concept of Sound System ‘Hit Record’ Dancehall
Entertainment can Reggae be revived. Only
when the community abides by its membership can Reggae be displayed in all its
passion and cultural regalia.
Regalia Entertainment, in
conjunction with the Reggae Industry Membership, will launch the
Reggae-Up-The-People Campaign, aimed at gaining support from each and every
Reggae fan:
~ from the artist who has
the culture - to the Hollywood executive who can help him express it
~ from the Jamaicans who can
assist their country - to the community leaders who can help control the ghetto
environment
~ from the community member
who can finance the new Reggae industry - to the fan who will buy its
products.
The international
entertainment pop industry is closed to Reggae – certain elements in Jamaica
and across the world fight to suppress Reggae.
Reggae is not a music that you can produce, it is an art form that takes
on a life, it was made by one Reggae Trooper for another - you are the
recipient - you must reward him for his creativity -
YOU determine if Reggae
‘One Love’ culture becomes extinct.
Most importantly, it will
require professionalism from the soundmen – the Innovators. To be a master of their trade. To seek perfection in their art. To look into the ghetto and recover Reggae’s
lifeline. To manifest the One Drop in
their music and create the ‘Reggae Pulse’ in their performances. To revitalize the essence of Sound System
‘Hit Record’ Dancehall Entertainment and give momentum to the true meaning of
the Reggae ‘One Love’ art form.
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Campaign Community ‘One Love’ Trust Fund
Reggae-Up-The-People
Campaign Community ‘One Love’ Trust Fund will be established to provide Regalia
Entertainment with the independence and the power to produce the Reggae
Extravaganza, support the Reggae Industry Membership and rebuild the Reggae
industry.
The Trust Fund will offer
short-term investments with entertainment incentives:
Red club
$100 Gold club $1,000 Green club $10,000
The Trust Fund offers
diverse investment opportunities for the everyday Reggae fan, the entrepreneur,
the institution and the patriotic Jamaican.
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ReggaeUpThe People Campaign Staff
The Campaign staff
epitomizes the very fabric of Reggae ‘One Love’ culture – from Reggae’s musical
root to the dedicated enthusiast – with a driving passion to participate in the
new Reggae era.
President Anthony
Ashfield ashfield@reggaeupthepeople.com
Ambassador Alton Ellis O.M. ellisom@
reggaeupthepeople.com
Manager Noel
Livingston livingston@reggaeupthepeople.com
Agent Una
Kim una@reggaeupthepeople.com
Agent Machiko
Sagata machiko@reggaeupthepeople.com
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Step-Up Commission
The Step-Up Commission will
be headed by prominent people from all walks of life. An On-Line live video feed will bring footage of the Commission’s
work, carried out on behalf of the donor for the ghetto Sufferer. The Step-Up Commission will work alongside
Reggae-Up Campaign for access to on-line facilities and promotion.
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Reggae Industry Membership
Reggae superstar Alton Ellis
O.M. carries the respect of his peers and countrymen. He acts as the temporary guardian of the Reggae Industry
Membership until an industry conference selects a board of trustees, defining
ethical and professional guidelines.
The Reggae Industry Membership will work alongside Reggae-Up Campaign
for access to on-line facilities and promotion.
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Regalia Entertainment
Chairman & Creative
Director Anthony Ashfield ashfield@regaliaentertainment.com
Ashfield has held all
positions in the Reggae industry. He
was there when the Hit Records were made and knows the ingredients for their success. Ashfield is responsible for acquiring Hit
Records and packaging Reggae superstars.
President Von Adams (Daddy Vego) daddyvego@regaliaentertainment.com
Von Adams is a founding
industry member whose skill as soundman for the famed People’s International
Sound System is legendary – a community leader who understands the true essence
of Reggae entertainment. Von Adams will
create a corporate structure in Kingston that offers security and curtails
piracy.
General Manager Barrington Adams adams@regaliaentertainment.com
Adams travels the world
extensively, marketing Reggae records and hosting major Reggae concert
tours. Adams will establish an
international distribution network with One-Stop-Reggae-Shop Entertainment
Centers and service the community with their cultural merchandising.
Regalia Entertainment is a
Reggae Company, run by Reggae People, for Reggae People. Regalia is designed to operate within
Reggae’s parameters and meet the community’s demand:
The sound system must swing, the industry must
thrive,
the community must participate and
The Runnings must go on.
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– REGGAE NEEDS
YOU !!!
–
YOUR PARTICIPATION IS CRUCIAL
WHEN
PASSIVE MEN TURN ANGRY
Reggae And
Its Politics
Over the last twenty years,
the Reggae industry has been suppressed, and artists’ careers cut short. Now, the talents of a new generation of
artists are being squandered - and along with them Jamaica’s national
treasure. As the Reggae industry drives
the economy of the Kingston ghettoes, the people have experienced immense
suffering. Reggae is the ‘voice of the
ghetto’ - the newspaper of the world.
Its content reflects the political understanding of the well-traveled
Kingstonion and the concerns of the ghetto dweller. The commercial power of Reggae - its ability to expose the truth
to the masses - is one of the main causes of a secret war that is responsible
for the unrest in Jamaica today. The
‘Origins Of Reggae’ details Jamaica’s downward spiral and how Reggae, the only
uncensored medium in the Western World, was eradicated because its lyrics
exposed the Western Establishment’s propaganda. It gives two other major reasons for Jamaica’s demise: the threat
of an alliance with Cuba, and the wisdom derived from the ‘lambsbred’
ganja. Jamaican politics deploy the
policies of the Western Establishment and no longer represent the people’s
wishes. Corruption and commercialism
have deprived Jamaica of its cultural identity, and left a country at war with
itself, fueled by the deliberate distribution of guns and cocaine.
For Reggae to go forward,
Jamaica must honor its country’s motto and take to heart the words of the
people’s national hero, the late Hon. Robert N. Marley O.M. The gap between rich and poor has always
bred disharmony, but when people are purposely reduced to an animal-like
existence, anarchy rises. When
advocators of peace can no longer stand by and watch the genocide of their
people, they sow the seeds of revolution.
This is what is happening in Kingston today while the world waffles and
the oppressor smiles. Reggae’s ‘truth
& rights’ can be found on the repertoire of Kingston’s sound systems -
there you can hear the will of Jamaica’s majority, demanding human rights.
As Reggae caused Jamaica’s
demise,
so can Reggae heal Jamaica.
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Origins Of Reggae
1. Reggae grew
out of Kingston’s dancehall sound systems of the mid-1950’s. Operating powerful custom-built valve
amplifiers, the soundman manipulated American R&B records, creating live
performances from recorded music. The
toaster scattered lyrics and sound effects, adding a rhythmic flavor while the
sound crew showcased original dance steps and fashions. The sound systems competed in musical wars
to spin exclusive pre-release records.
The rivalry drove the soundmen into the recording studios. Using local artists, they reproduced their
sound system innovations and created the first form of Reggae, Ska.
2. After
exclusive use of a record was retained, it was sold to other soundmen and later
to the public. In order to maintain a
steady supply for their performances, the soundmen built musical stables of
artists and opened up small record stores.
The ghetto rude boys (ardent sound system fans) had established an
import/export operation, shipping ganja to the Jamaican communities around the
world and returning with stolen items.
This inspired certain soundmen to travel and barter their records to
fellow international soundmen for stolen recording equipment. The necessity for the soundman to keep
records exclusive and the fight for survival in the ghetto led to the creation
of a corrupt administrative system structured on self-interest. The operating rules of the industry were
known as The Runnings.
3. Leading up
to the country’s first election, the political campaign divided the ghetto into
warring parishes, each supporting one of two parties. The sound systems were the ‘voice of the ghetto’, the people’s
main source of information. Seizing the
opportunity, politicians invested in the industry and used the soundmen at
their dance rallies to entice the thousands of fans. As the 1962 independence election was fought, violence raged and
the soundmen came under the protection of their respective party rude boy. The division between the musical stables
increased as loyalties strengthened through political gang affiliations. Danger ran high as the rude boys became
integral to the music’s direction and exploited it for their survival.
4. The
Rastafarians were a major force in the music.
Ridiculed and suppressed by society, they took refuge in Kingston’s
worst parishes where they created a ‘wall of sound’, a combination of drums and
wailing vocals (WaterHouse or Rasta Music).
As Ska evolved, many of the ghetto artists influenced by the Rasta style
incorporated it into their music, creating unique timing, phrasing and
harmonies. By 1965, the fast beat of
Ska (Blue Beat) had mellowed into the romantic sound of Rock-Steady, its
laid-back rhythms bringing people close in a unified dance. As the soundmen forged ahead, an up-tempo
variation of the music (Pop-a-Top) and dance (S.90) evolved. By 1968, the music had matured into a
mid-tempo rhythm, emphasizing the One Drop dance beat (Foundation Reggae). As sound system performances progressed
throughout the night, the soundmen used their skills to tune and program the
music, creating the ambiance to build an exciting romantic mood (The Reggae
Pulse), and saving their exclusive records for the early hours when the crowd
became intimate (Rub-a-Dub Dance).
5. The
increasing demand for musical innovation led the soundmen back to the studio
where they intermingled or replaced the artists’ lyrics with those of a toaster
(naming it a Version). Increasing the
versatility of their sound systems, they invented the dub plate - a record
consisting of three versions: side one, the singer’s and the toaster’s
versions; side two, the dub version (an extended backing track). During a performance, sound effects were
introduced in a process called dubbing.
Recognizing its popularity, the soundmen returned to the studios,
stripped their music down to the drum & bass (Dub Reggae) and recorded
poetic lyrics, expanding the toaster’s role to that of a dub poet.
6. Staging huge
open-air musical duels to establish their rank, the soundmen performed with
their dub plates while the artist and toaster vocalized live. The soundmen took turns playing until the
revelers demanded their favorite sound system.
The sound crew added excitement to a performance, skanking, boasting and
hurling musical abuse. The presence of
the rude boys, combined with political factions and acts of sabotage, increased
the tension during the fierce competitions.
The winner was either the most skilled soundman with the best music and
performers, or the soundman with the loudest sound system, the baddest sound
posse and the rudest rude boy.
7. Reggae’s
popularity multiplied the number of sound systems, rapidly expanding the
industry. The second generation of key
personnel appeared: the affluent who owned the manufacturing facilities, the
soundmen who produced and marketed the music, and the artists who performed for
little or no money. By 1970, the
industry had spread across the city, producing up to fifteen high-quality
records a week. Recording charts, music
awards, sound system trophies and a concert circuit were established. The artists performed at Jamaica’s North
Coast tourist hotels while the soundmen became politically influential and
widely respected. With international
success and interest from major record companies, Kingston became a musical
capital. Sophisticated recording
studios were built, stables of session musicians formed and foreign executives
were attracted. Reggae’s appeal
influenced many international recording stars and producers who, in mimicking
the beat, created a new dimension of music (White Reggae or Pop Reggae).
8. During
Jamaica’s 1972 election, the violence in the industry intensified as
politicians stepped up their musical campaigns and used the singers to record
partisan political songs. Like the
soundmen before, they were attacked and fell under the protection of their
parish rude boys. Reacting to the
political strife, a new hard-core recording artist emerged, performing
non-melodious rebellious lyrics to the Dub Reggae rhythms of the soundmen (Yard
Reggae). The surge of violence drove
many of the artists back to the music’s roots and into the Rastafarian
religion, enabling them to reconcile and cope with the destructive elements of
ghetto life through the outlets of prayer, meditation and commitment to the
arts. The artists’ lyrics, once
humorous or romantic, changed and strengthened, calling for individual rights
and denouncing oppression and corruption (Roots Reggae or Conscious Reggae).
9. As Reggae
grew in international popularity and became more politically influential, the
Jamaican establishment blamed it for causing civil disobedience and branded it
as slum music. The music was taken off
the airwaves, the artists’ North Coast engagements were cancelled and the sound
systems were confined to the ghetto.
Dependent on sound system performances for status, the music’s key
personnel, guilty by association and under threat, were forced to stay in the
ghetto or seek refuge abroad. The establishment’s
hatred for the ganja-smoking Rastafarians, the rebellious rude boys, the ghetto
artists and especially the music’s ability to expose the truth, led to the
promotion of a diluted style, one acceptable for social occasions (Uptown
Reggae or Gospel Reggae).
10. Promoted by
international soundmen in England, the music’s appeal quickly established a
large domestic market of dedicated multi-racial fans - the international Reggae
community. After obtaining exorbitant
prices for the exclusivity of their dub plates and pre-release records, the
soundmen released them to the fans through small community entrepreneurs, who,
in turn, used major companies for distribution to the commercial market. By the late 60’s, the music was being heard
worldwide. New York and Miami had
developed communes with record companies, stores, nightclubs and a concert
circuit. Consolidated and responding
collectively, the community entertainment network became firmly entrenched. Kingston was the music’s production base,
London its administrative base, New York and Miami its other major points of
distribution.
11. By 1973,
Reggae had established a universal regalia that was the pride of its community
members. The music had a
characteristic sound, arrangement and chord progression with multiple
cross-rhythms, complemented by fashion, dance styles, design and ranking
titles. Reggae had adopted Jamaica’s
theme of ‘Out Of Many One People’, and incorporated the black, red, gold and
green Rastafarian peace emblem, creating a ‘One Love’ cultural message. More than entertainment, the music breathed
a way of life, a body movement that was expressed in both dance and everyday
living. At Reggae’s height, there was a
proliferation of romantic sound system performances that rocked the international
communities and spread the music into the mainstream (2 O’Clock Blues
Dance). Recognizing the music’s
commercial potential, key industry members used professional orchestration and
personnel. The artists performed at
major concerts and, on its own momentum, Reggae continued its meteoric rise on
the international charts (Lovers-Rock Reggae or Traditional Reggae).
12. The
industry’s administrative structure required the soundman to travel
continually, creating a legitimate cover for the rude boys to capitalize on The
Runnings. To combat the escalating
political gang war, they toured the international communities posing as Reggae
artists, bringing in ever larger amounts of ganja in exchange for firearms. When Reggae entered the Billboard charts and
became financially viable, chaos erupted in the industry as The Runnings
embraced record piracy, promotion of bogus concerts and deliberate non-payment
for product and services.
Misunderstandings and the hostility of major companies aggravated the
situation as key personnel severed all ties to their musical stables, and
fought one another ghetto style.
13. The mid-70’s
were a period of crisis and change.
Trojan, the leading Reggae record company, had swamped the British
charts, surpassing all expected commercial sales. Unable to compete in Reggae, and with their sales threatened, the
major companies cut off Trojan’s pressing and distribution, collectively
calling in their debt. Trojan was
forced into receivership, all key assets were frozen and the classics were
impounded. Plagued by in-house fighting
and record piracy, the industry was torn apart. Capitalizing on their commercial popularity, many key personnel
performed for cash to the highest bidder and illicitly signed multiple
recording contracts. Operating The
Runnings, the rude boys presented themselves as industry representatives,
selling pirated recordings and receiving large production budgets. Chaos and violence ensued, with death
threats and kidnapping of entertainment executives becoming the norm. After spending millions of dollars trying to
penetrate Reggae, the major companies withdrew all facilities and enforced
their recording contracts, severely curtailing the community entertainment network
and preventing key personnel from performing.
14. Many key personnel were forced back to Jamaica at a time when it was seriously divided over foreign political alliances with Cuba. The Western Establishment’s interference had created further divisions between the two political gangs and Kingston had become one of the world’s most violent cities. Returning to a host of small recording studios, key personnel flooded the market with up to twenty versions of one song, the lyrics reflecting violent political overtones and their condemnation of one another. Following the artists’ turn to the Rastafarian religion, the sound crews re-invented themselves into natty dreads and the sound systems preached militancy and praised Emperor Haile Selassie. As political turmoil raged, dance rallies became battlegrounds where the presence of rude boys with M.16 rifles at their side created a new trend in dance (Reggae Stomp), fashion (Raggamuffin), posture and attitude (Screw Face). During the hotly contended 1976 election, the